Wall stud and fire wall construction



Dec. 16, 1952 A. P. BUQUOR ET AL WALL STUD AND FIRE WALL CONSTRUCTION Filed Feb. 14. 1949 2 SHEETSSHEET l 1952 A. P. BUQUOR ETAL WALL STUD AND FIRE WALL CONSTRUCTION 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 Filed Feb. 14. 1949 Patented Dec. 16, 1952 v UNITED s'rArss WALL STUD AND FIRE WALL CONSTRUCTION Delaware Application February 14, 1949, Serial No. 76,282

12 Claims.

This invention relates to a prefabricated wall construction, and more particularly to a prefabricated fire-resistant wall including novel fire-resistant studs, adapted for use in constructing interior walls of offices, factories, stores, etc., and particularly bulkheads in ships.

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Serial No. 41,274, filed July 29, 1948, now abandoned.

The studs of the present fire Wall are each preferably constructed of a plurality of sheet metal sections serving as furring strips and having a narrow or elongated sheet of asbestos'millboard or compressed asbestos, or the like, disposed between and separating the furring strips, and adjustable, flanged clamping strips arranged between one of the furring stripsand one sideof the asbestos sheet and adapted to serve as clamping elements or fasteners for securing fireresistant asbestos millboard panels to the studding; the furring strips, clamping strips and asbestos sheet all being adapted to be preassembled as a unit and secured together by a plurality of bolts or screws. The clamping strips are adjustably mounted on the studs to facilitate the erection of the fire-resistant panels between adjacent studs. In addition, each of the metal furring strips carries panel mounting strips for securing plain or decorative metal wall panels thereto to conceal the furring strips and the asbestos sheets and panels, so that the finished wall or bulkhead comprises outer metal wall panels with a continuous asbestos partition therebetween.

While aluminum alloy studs and aluminum alloy wall panels are highly desirable for use in constructing partitions in buildings and bulkheads in ships (because of their light weight),

their use for such purposes has been somewhatv the present invention makes it practicable to.

extend the use of aluminum alloy to fields where its use has heretofore been limited.

The principal object of the invention is to provide a fire-resistant wall that will withstand extreme heat and flame without failure, and thereby prevent the damage usually resulting therefrom in case of fire.

Another object of the invention is to provide a fire-resistant wall which lends itself to prefabrication and which is adapted for erection anywhere that a fire wall is desired or required.

A more specific object of the invention is to provide a light-weight fire wall construction especially adapted for bulkhead use in ships.

A further object of the invention is to provide a metal stud adapted to have prefabricated metal wall panels erected on either side thereof to provide a wall, and which stud is so constructed and associated with fire-resistant material as to provide a fire-proof partition to prevent flame passage or the transfer of heat from the metal wall panel on one side thereof to the metal wall panel on the other side thereof.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a fire-resistant stud with means for readily securing fire-proof panels thereto.

' Another object'of the invention is to provide a firewall construction that makes it possible and practicable to employ a light-weight metal, such as aluminum, for use in prefabricated partition and studs in all types of buildings, and

I especially in constructing bulkheads for use in ships, and which at the same time meets established specifications for fire endurance tests for buildings and merchant vessels.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is an elevational view of a fire wall construction embodying the principles of the present invention, with certain'parts shown broken away in the interest of clarity;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged horizontal sectional view through one of the studs and panels associated therewith, taken on the line 2-2 of Fig. l;

Fig. 3v is anelevational view of another form of fire wall construction embodying the principles of the present invention, with certain parts shown broken away; 7

Fig. 4 is an enlarged horizontal sectional view through one of the studs and panels associated therewith taken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged vertical sectional view taken on the line 5--5 of Fig. 3 and particularly illustrating the manner in which the fireresistant asbestos panel is suspended from a top channel by bolts disposed between adjacent studs;

Fig. 6 is an enlarged vertical sectional view through the base portion of the wall, taken on the line 6-6 of Fig. 3; and

Fig. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken on the line '!-l of Figs. 1 and 3, respectively, and illustrating the manner in which the mounting clips secure the outer wall panels to the studs.

Referring now to the drawings, the numeral'i indicates the floor, and the numeral 2 the ceiling of a space or room in which the new fire wall is disposed. A plurality of upright studsof substantially room height are each g'enerallyidentified by the numeral 3 and are adapted to be secured at their opposite ends in any suitable or convenient manner to a floor channel 4 and a ceiling channel 5.

The floor channel 4 may be made of steel but is preferably made from a .102 thick section of rolled aluminum alloy (type B-S-M; H) and may have a cross-section such as indicated in Fig. 6. Thus, the channel 4 includes a bottom wall 5 having tongues 4 strucktherefrom (see ,Fig. 3) and the ends thereof flattened so that they can be attached to the floor I by ferrous metal screws se The floor channel 4 further includes vertical side walls 4 which extend upwardly from the bottom wall i and terminate inoutwardly extending horizontal flanges 4 Strips 4 of the same material and thickness as the channel a, have ofiset vertical flanges and are respectively secured to-the channel side walls M by screws 4 On the other hand, the ceiling channel 5 may be made of aluminum alloy similar to that of the base chamiel 4, but is preferably made from. 16 gauge sheet steel with the cross-section shown in Fig. 5. The ceiling'channel 5 is arranged so'that it is inverted withits bottom wall 5 secured to the ceiling 2 by a plurality of screws 5*. The side walls 5 extend downwardly from the bottom wall 5 and serve a purpose which will be described in greater detail later.

- Each of the studs 3 comprises a pair of identical sheet metal, aluminum alloy (52-,-S- H), furring strips 6 and 7,.051 thick, located upon opposite sides of a narrow or elongated sheet of compressed asbestos fibers (millboard) or other suitablenon-metallic fire-resistant material 8. Thesheet 8 is about T g" thick and iswider than the furring strips 6 and T and includes longi tudinal edge portions projecting outwardly beyond the sides of the furring strips 6 and I. The furring strips 6 and i are generally channelshaped, or U-shaped, in cross-section and include legs or side walls 9 having flanges, H) extending outwardly from the free ends thereof, and a bottom wall I l providedwith a depression I2 intermediate said side walls. A wall panel mounting strip [3 is disposed in each of the depressions I2 and preferably comprises a steel strip or ferrous metal sheet, .035 thick, having a wall portion I4 rolled to provide spaced, outwardly extending longitudinal ridges l5 projecting outwardly therefrom on one side thereof and having endportions l6 bent and folded back against the other side of the wall portion M and extending inwardly beyond the channels formed by the ridges I5. A steel strip .11. may be interposed between the outer face of a wall 18, defining the bottom of the depression [2 and the inwardly bent portions I5, and a plurality of steel rivets l9. secures the mounting strip I3 and the strip I! to the'bottom wall [8 of the depression E2. The ridges 15 extend outwardly beyond the plane of the bottom wall portion H and the rounded crests thereof are flattened at spaced intervals 20 along the length thereof to provide bulged portions extending laterally from the ridges l5 and adapted to serve as looking elements to secure sheet metal wall panels 2| thereto. As shown in dot-and-dash lines in Figs. 2 and 4, the panels 2! are arranged upon both sides of the studs 3 and form an enclosure for concealing said studs, the sheets 8, etc., as will appear more fully hereinafter,

As is best shown in Figs. 6 and '7, each of the panels 2!, comprises an aluminum alloy (type 3S H) facing sheet 2| .025 thick, and an aluminum. alloy corrugated backing sheet 2i .028" thick, the two sheets having a layer of asbestos paper 2| .025 thick therebetween. A steel locking clip 21, .018 thick, includes a channel portion 2! adapted to receive the upright edge of the corrugated sheet 2!". The locking clip Zl is also provided with a channel El adapted to receive one of the longitudinal ridges l5 of the mounting strip 3. The flattened portions 20 of the ridge l5 cooperate with the inner portions 25 of the channel 2| to detachably lock the panels 21 on the mounting strips i3. A portion of the locking clip 2W, disposed beyond the channel 2U is bent into substantial parallelism with said channel and is interlocked as indicated at 2 l with a flange 2 l on the facing sheet 2 l The outer wall panels 2i are thus securely mounted along each of their vertical edges on the studs 3. Inasmuch as the mounting strip I3 and the locking clip 2H are made of steel, they will withstand higher temperatures without melting or buckling than the aluminum alloy material comprising the panels 2! and the furring, strips 6 and 1.

A pair of ferrous metal fastening or clamping strips 22 is associated with each stud 3. Each metal clamping strip 22 includes a mounting flange 23 provided with a plurality of horizontal, elongated slots 24 of substantial length, spaced at intervals of about 4 from each other. The flanges Hiof the furring strips 6 and l, and the asbestos sheet 3, are provided with aligned holes, Figs. 1 and 2, spaced the same distance apart as the elongated slots 24, and iron bolts 25 extend through said holes and slots, and each bolt 25 has a nut 28 threaded thereon to maintain the stud parts in preassembled relation ready for mounting in the floor and ceiling channels and 5, respectively.

g It will be noted from Fig. 2 that the flanges E3 of the'elamping strips 22 are disposed between the flanges ll) of the furring strip i and the adjacent side of the asbestos sheet 8. The slots E l being horizontal, they-provide for adjustment, or bodily shifting of the clamping strips 22 toward and away from the sides of the furring strip Thus,-the clamping strip 22 shown at the left side of the furring strip 1 may be moved back from its full line position to the position shown in dot-anddash lines. Each of the clamping strips 22 includes an offset portion 21 bent at right angles to the plane of the flange 23, and. each offset portion 21' carries a laterally extending flange 23 arranged generally parallel with the flange 23, but extending in the opposite direction The free end of the flange portion 28 is curved or bent outwardly, as indicated at 28, in order to more readily receive one edge of an asbestos fiber (millboard) or other non-metallic fire-resistant sheet or panel 39 thereunder, the

height of the offset portion 21 being approximately equal to the thickness %"or more) of the sheet or panel 36 so that one side of each of the sheets or panels 39 contacts one side of the projecting'edge portions of the asbestos sheet 8 and is tightly clamped thereagainst.

Figs'S and 4' illustrate a diiferent manner of securing the furring strips 5 and 1 and the clamping strips 22 to the asbestos sheet 8, wherein no metalifastening elements extend from one side of the sheet 8 to the other to conduct heat therethrough. Thus, as shown, short ferrous metal screws 25 are threaded into the sheet 3 and secure the flanges of the furring strip 6 to one side of said sheet, without extending completely through said sheet. Other'si'rnilar screws 25 extend through flanges lll of the furring strip I and through the slots 24 in the clamping'strips 22 and are'threadedinto, but do not extend through,'the sheet 8 and secure said furring strip andsaid clamping strips to the other side of said sheet; The screws 25* and25 are relatively offset,'as best shown'in Fig. 4, and can be disposed in the same horizontal plane, if desired.

'As is illustrated in Figs. 2 and 4, the longitudinal edges'of the asbestos panel 30 underlie the flanges 28 of the clamping strips 22 carried by adjacent studs, and the asbestos panels 38 are disposed in overlapping relation with the projecting edge portions of the asbestos sheets 8 of two adjacent of said studs and fill the gap between said studs and between the floor channel 4 and the ceiling channel 5. Thus, a continuous, fireproof, partition of asbestos material 838 is disposed between the wall panels 2 l on the opposite sides of the studs 3.

It will be understood that the adjustability of the clamping strips 22 facilitates the assembly of the asbestos panels 35] with the studs 3. In effecting such assembly, one or both of the clamping strips 22 will he slid inwardly toward its associated stud 3, so that one edge of the asbestos panel 38 can be inserted between a flange 28 of one of said clamping strips and the adjacent side of the asbestos sheet 8. The other longitudinal edge of the 'panel 3% is then engaged with the asbestos sheet 8 of the adjacent stud 3 and the clamping strip 22 of said adjacent stud is then moved outwardly so that its flange 28 overlies said other longitudinal edge of the panel 313. The clamping strips 22' may then be adjusted to center the panel 39 between the studs, if necessary, and the bolts 25 or-screws 25 tightened to securely hold the panels 30 in place. After all of the necessary studs 3 and-panels 3Q shown in Fig. 1 have been erected 'to'provide a fireproof partition, the wall panels 2| are mounted upon the furring strips 6 and 7 by engagement of the mounting clips 21 thereof with the mounting strips l3 on the outer face of said'furring strips.-

After the wall panels 2! of Fig. l have been erected, a conventional demountable base 3| is secured tothefloor channel 4 in any suitable manner, and a conventional cornice strip 32 is suitably secured to the ceiling channel to completethe; trim.

Figs. 3 and 5 show the upper end of the asbestos millboard sheet 3 and the asbestos millboard panel 39 disposed between the side walls 5 of the celling channelii; A plurality of bolts 33 extend through the channel side walls 5 and through the panel 35 and serve to suspend the panel 35 from the upperend thereof, more or less'like a curtain. ,A nut 35 is threaded onto each of the bolts 3El and maintains the same in assembled relation with the ceiling channel 5. A similar bolt 30 (Fig. 3) extends through the mounting strips ISLthe'strips ll, the furring strips 6 and Tand'through the asbestos sheet 8, to hold the upper end of the studs 3 in fixed relation to the ceiling channel 5. The heads of the bolts 30 and 30 are'protected by a strip of asbestos cemerit board 36 which is arranged to be disposed at the upper end of the side panels 2 I. The ends of the bolts 3% and 311, having the nuts 30* mounted thereon, are protected by a similar asbestos cement strip 36 arranged to be disposed above the wall panel 2i on the opposite side of the wallstructure.

The lower end of each of the studs 3 rests upon the bottom wall 4* of the base channel a. A bolt 3 extends through the lower end of the stud 3 and through a pair of panel supporting strips 3 respectively supported by the horizontal flanges i of' the base channel '3. A nut 3 is threaded on each of the bolts 3 to maintain the parts in fixed assembled relation.

The lower ends of the wall panels 2| at the respective sides of the partition rest upon the strips 3 and are held in place by a base molding 3W which is fastened to the strips 3 by screws 31 disposed ina channel 3| formed in the base molding 3| A resilient channel member 3| isadapted to be received in the groove 3| to conceal the heads of the screws '3l Each of the base moldingstrips 3! includes a portion below the screws 31 which engages the flanges i of the base channel 4 and the lower flange of the strips F, and a portion 3| above the screws 3H which engages the lower portion of the panels 2|.

The upper end portions of the panels 2| are retained in place by an aluminum alloy (type 3-S- /2 H) top molding strip 32* which is provided with a groove 32' adapted to receive screws 32 for fastening the molding strip in place on the ceiling channel side walls 5. The cement board strips 30 and 30 may be held in place by the molding strips'32 or by any other suitable means. A resilient channel member 32 is adapted to be received in the groove 32* to conceal the heads of the screws 32. 7

Fire walls constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention have withstood extremely severe tests and have met with all maritime requirements for use in constructing'class B ship bulkheads. However, theinvention is not limited to use on ships, and the wall can be erected anywhere that a good fire wall is desired. 7

It will be understood that changes in materials and in the details of construction and in the arrangement of the parts of the stud per se and the firewall constructions disclosed herein can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit of the invention or thescope of the annexed claims.

We claim: I

1. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panelsand a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween, comprising: a pair of metal furring strips for supporting said outer.

panels in parallel relationship, each of said furring strips being generally channel-shaped in cross-section and havingthe legs thereof extending toward each other; an elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant material disposed between the ends of the legs of said furring strips separating said furring strips; and means for securing at leastone element of said continuous partition to said stud intermediate said outer panels and substantially parallel thereto; and fastening means maintaining said furring strips, said elongated strip, and said means for securing said element of said continuous partition in assembled relation.

2. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-re sistant material therebetween, comprising: an elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant material; a pair of metal furring strips for supporting said outer panels in parallel relation arranged one on each side of said elongated strip, said elongated strips being wider than said furring strips and having longitudinal edge portions projecting beyond the sides of said furring strips; clamping means for securing an element of said continuous partition intermediate said outer panels and substantially parallel thereto to a projecting edge portion of said elongated strip; and common means securing one of said furring strips and said clamping means to said elongated strip.

3. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween, comprising: an elongated strip of insulating flre-resistant material; a pair of metal furring strips for supporting said outer panels in parallel relationship arranged one on each side of said elongated strip, said elongated strip being wider than said furring strips and having at least one longitudinal edge portion projecting beyond one side of said furring strips; means for securing an element of said continuous partition to said stud intermediate said panels and in overlapping relation to one side of said elongated strip; and fastening means maintaining said furring strips, said elongated strip and said means for securing said element of said continuous partition in assembled relation.

l. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween, comprising: an

elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant ma 1 terial; a pair of metal furring strips arranged one on eachside of said elongated strip, said elongated strip being wider than said furring strips and having longitudinal edge portions pro- .iecting beyond the sides of said furring strips; a laterally ad ustable flan ed clamping means arranged on at least one side of said stud for securing an element of said continuous partition against said elongated strip in overlapping relation to a projecting longitudinal edge portion thereof, and means securing said clamping means on said stud in adiusted position.

5. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant materialtherebetween, comprising: a pair of metal furring strips for supporting said outer panels in parallel relation; an elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant material disposed between said furring strips, said elongated strip being greater in width than said furring strips and having longitudinal edge portions projecting beyond the sides thereof; a plurality of clamping strips secured to said stud for securing elements of said continuous partition to said stud intermediate said outer panels in overlapping relation to the projecting longitudinal edge portions of said elongated strip, said clamping strips having elongated slots for effecting lateral adjustment thereof with respect to said stud; and means extending through said slots for securing said clamping strips in adjusted position relative to said stud.

6. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween, comprising: a pair of sheet metal furring strips for supporting said outer panels in parallel relationship, each of said furring strips being generally U-shaped in cross-section and having flanges extending laterally outwardly from the free ends of the legs of said U, said furring strips being arranged with their flanges opposing each other; an elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant material disposed between and separating said furring strips, said elongated strip being greater in width than said furring strips and having longitudinal edge portions projecting outwardly beyond the flanges thereof, the flanges of one of said furring strips engaging one side of said elongated strips; a pair of clamping strips secured to said stud and arranged upon the opposite side of said elongated strip, each clamping strip including a flange disposed between said opposite face of said elongated strip and one of the flanges of the other furring strip; and fastening means extending through the flanges of said furring strips and clamping strips, and through said strip of fireresistant material for securing the same together in assembled relation.

'7. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween, comprising: a pair of sheet metal furring strips for supporting said outer panels in parallel relation, each furring strip being generally U-shaped in cross-section and having flanges extending laterally from the free ends of the legs of said U, said furring strips bein arranged with their flanges opposing each other; an elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant material disposed between said furring strips, said elon ated strip being greater in width than said furring strips and having longitudinal edge portions projecting outwardly beyond the flanges thereof, the flanges of one of said furring strips engaging one side of said elongated strip; a plurality of clamping strips secured to said stud for securing elements of said continuous partition to said stud and arranged upon the opposite side of said elongated strip, each clamping strip including a flange dispo ed between said opposite side of said elongated strip and one of the flanges of the other furring strip, the flanges of said clamping strips being provided with elongated slots; and fastening means extending through the flanges of said furring strips, the slots in the flanges of said clamping strips, and through said elongated strip for securing the same together in assembled relation, said elongated slots in said clamping strips permitting lateral adiustment of said clamping strips relative to said elongated strip.

8. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween, comprising: a pair of sheet metal furring strips for supporting said outer panels in parallel relation, each furring strip being generally U-shaped in cross-section and having flanges extending laterally from the free ends of the legs of said U, said furring strips being arranged with their flanges opposing each other; an elongated strip of compressed asbestos fibers disposed between and separating said furring strips, said elongated strip being greater in width than said furring strips and having longitudinal edge portions projecting outwardly beyond the flanges of said furring strips. the flanges of one of said furring strips engaging one side of said elongated strip; a plurality of clamping strips secured to said stud for securing elements of said continuous partition to said stud and arranged upon the opposite side of said elongated strip, each clamping strip including a mounting flange disposed between said opposite side of said elongated strip and one of the flanges of the other furring strip, the mounting flanges of said clamping strips being provided with elongated slots, each of said clamping strips also including an oifset portion extending in a plane substantially normal to its mounting flange and carrying a flange extending therefrom in a direction opposite to that of said mounting flange; and fastening means extending through the flanges of said furring strips, the slots of the mounting flanges of said clamping strips and through said elongated strip for securing the same together in assembled relation, said elongated slots in said mounting flanges of said clamping strips permitting lateral adjustment of said clamping strips relative to said stud assembly.

9. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween, comprising: an elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant material; a pair of metal furring strips for supporting said outer panels in parallel relation arranged one on each side of said elongated strip, said elongated strip being wider than said furring strips and having longitudinal edge portion-s projecting beyond the sides of said furring strips; clamping means arranged on one side of said elongated strip for securing elements of said continuous partition to said stud in overlapping relation to the projecting longitudinal edge portions of said elongated strip; fastening means securing one of said furring strips to, and adjustably mounting said clamping means on, one side of said elongated strip; and fastening means offset with respect to said first-mentioned fastening means securing the other furring strip to the other side of said elongated strip.

10. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween, comprising: a pair of aluminum alloy furring strips for supporting said outer panel in parallel relation each furring strip being generally U-shaped in transverse crosssection and. having flanges extending laterally outwardly from the free ends of the legs of said U, said furring strips being arranged with their flanges opposin each other; an elongated strip of asbestos millboard disposed between and separating said furring strips, said elongated strip being greater in width than said furringstrips and having longitudinal edge portions projecting outwardly beyond the flanges of said furring strips, the flanges on one of said furring strips engaging one side of said elongated strip; a pair of clamping strips for securing elements of said continuous partition to said stud arranged upon the opposite side of said elongated strip, each clamping strip including a flange disposed between said opposite side of said elongated strip and one of the flanges of the other of said furring strips; and fastening elements extending through the flanges of said furring strips and clamping strips and into but not completely through said strip of asbestos mill board and securing the same together in assembled relation.

11. A wall stud assembly for forming a wall having an outer panel and an inner continuous partition of fire-resistant material, comprising: a metal furring strip for supporting said outer panel; an elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant material of greater width than said furring strip engaged with said furring strip; a clamping strip disposed substantially parallel with said furring strip and having a flange for securing an element of said continuous partition in engagement with said elongated strip; and fastening elements securing said furring strip. and said clamping strip to said elongated strip.

12. A wall stud for forming a wall having outer panels and a continuous partition of fire-resistant material therebetween comprising: a pair of metal furring strips for supporting said outer panels in parallel relation; an elongated strip of insulating fire-resistant material disposed between said metal furring strips and separating the same, said elongated strip being greater in width than said furring strips and having longitudinal edge portions projecting outwardly beyond the sides of said furring strips; securing means for fastening elements of said continuous partition to said stud in overlapping relation to said elongated strip; and fastening means maintaining said furring strips, said elongated strip and said securing means in assembled relation.

ADOLPH P. BUQUOR. RICHARD H. CROUSE.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,650,117 Dorn Nov. 22, 1927 1,772,417 Ellinwood Aug. '5, 1930 1,775,780 Papalas Sept. 16, 1930 1,815,075 Sersen July 21, '1931 1,990,259 Walters Feb. 5, 1935 2,159,296 Sharp Mar. 23, 1939 2,251,991 Fellner Aug. 12', 1941 2,277,792 Small Mar. 31, 1942 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 849,829 France 1936 816,627 France -11--" 1937 

